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  Index

  Ability grouping. See Tracking

  Aborigines, [>], [>]

  Achievement: in classroom, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; relationship to a society’s competitiveness, [>], [>]

  Ackerman, Nathan, [>]

  Adorno, Theodor, [>]

  Advertising, [>]

  Aggression: and competition, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]; “excessive,” [>]; among groups, [>]; and moral development, [>]–[>]; as part of “human nature,” [>], [>]. See also War

  Agnew, Spiro, [>], [>]

  Airline industry, [>], [>]–[>], [>] n. [>], [>] n. [>]

  Allee, W. C., [>]

  Altruism: vs. cooperation, [>], [>]; as inadequately studied, [>]n. [>]; as inborn, [>]n. , [>], [>]n. [>]; and self-esteem, [>]n. [>]. See also Helping behavior

  Ames, Carole, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Animals, competition and cooperation among, [>]–[>], [>]

  Anonymous, rivals as, [>]–[>]

  Anxiety and competition, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Aristotle, [>], [>]

  Arms control, [>]

  Aronson, Elliot, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>] n. [>], [>] n. [>]

  Atherosclerosis, [>]

  Athletic competition. See Games, competitive; Sports

  Atkinson, John, [>]

  Attention, competition for, [>]

  Augros, Robert, [>]

  Axelrod, Robert, [>], [>]

  Bandura, Albert, [>]

  Banking, [>]

  Barber, Benjamin, [>]

  Barnett, Mark, [>], [>]n. [>]

  Bateiga of East Africa, [>]

  Bates, Marvin, [>]

  Bateson, Gregory, [>]n[>]

  Bateson, Patrick, [>]n. [>], [>]n. [>]

  Bathonga, [>], [>]

  Being vs. deficit motivations, [>]

  Bellah, Robert, [>], [>]

  Benedict, Ruth, [>], [>]

  Bennett, William J., [>], [>]

  Berger, Brigitte, [>]

  Berger, Peter, [>], [>]n. [>]

  Berkowitz, Leonard, [>]–[>]n. [>], [>]n. [>]

  Berlage, Gai Ingham, [>]

  Bettelheim, Bruno, [>], [>]n. [>]

  Biological determinism. See Human nature

  Blackfoot, [>]

  Blasphemy, [>]n.

  Blau, Peter, [>], [>]–[>]

  Bok, Sissela, [>]

  Book publishing, [>]

  Boslooper, Thomas, [>]

  Bowling, [>]

  Brede
meier, Brenda Jo, [>]n. [>], [>]n. [>]

  Breer, Paul, [>]–[>]

  Bronfenbrenner, Urie, [>]

  Bruns, William, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]n. [>], [>]n. [>]

  Bryan, James H., [>]n. [>], [>]n. [>]

  Bryant, Brenda, [>]–[>]

  Buber, Martin, [>], [>]–[>]

  Burt, Cyril, [>]

  Business competition. See Economic competition

  Butt, Dorcas Susan, [>]–[>], [>]n. [>]

  Caillois, Roger, [>], [>]

  Campbell, David N., [>], [>]

  Camus, Albert, [>]

  Capitalism. See Economic competition

  Catharsis theory, [>]–[>]

  Cheating, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]

  Chesterton, G. K., [>]

  Child-rearing styles and competition, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Child Development Project, [>], [>], [>]–[>]. See also Developmental Studies Center

  Chinese, [>], [>], [>], [>]n. [>]

  Chodorow, Nancy, [>]n. [>], [>]–[>]n. [>]

  “Choking,” [>]

  Cities, competition among, [>], [>]

  Clarke, Judy, [>]

  Clifford, Margaret, [>], [>]

  Cohen, Elizabeth, [>]

  Coleman, James S., [>]

  Collective action for social change, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]n. [>], [>]n. [>]

  Color War, [>]

  Combs, Arthur W., [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]n. [>]

  Common enemy, [>], [>]–[>]

  Commons, tragedy of the, [>]

  Communication, [>]

  Comparison, social: and low selfesteem, [>]–[>]; as unnecessary for identity, [>]–[>], [>]; without competition, [>]–[>], [>]n.

  Competition: among animals, [>]–[>], [>]; as cause of conformity, [>], [>]–[>], [>]; as cause of either/or thinking, [>]–[>]; as cause of external locus of control, [>]; as cause of goal orientation, [>]–[>]; as cause of hostility, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; caused by hostility, [>]; caused by psychological need, [>]–[>], [>]; caused by social norms, [>], [>]–[>]; as damage control, [>]–[>]; defined, [>]–[>], [>]; difficulty of eliminating, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; distinct from conflict, [>]–[>]; distinct from success, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; distinct from survival, [>], [>]; effect of, on children vs. adults, [>]–[>]; effect of, on relationships, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; as extrinsic motivator, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; felt to be undesirable, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]n. , [>]–[>], [>]; intergroup vs. intragroup, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]n. ; as learned, [>]–[>]; associated with lower moral standard, [>], [>], [>]n. [>]; mixed messages regarding, [>]–[>]; moderate vs. excessive, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; moderate vs. radical criticism of, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; myths of, [>], [>], [>]; with oneself, [>], [>]; in other cultures, [>]–[>]; as perpetuating inequity, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]; prevalence of, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]; “process” version of, [>]–[>], [>]; psychological impact of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]; as public event, [>]–[>], [>]; and quantification, [>]–[>]; as rarely examined, [>], [>]; reactions to criticisms of, [>]–[>]; rhetorical tricks of proponents of, [>]–[>]; as search for approval, [>], [>]–[>]; seen as inevitable, [>], [>]–[>]; as self-perpetuating, [>]–[>], [>]; summary of disadvantages of, [>], [>]; teaching harms of, [>]–[>], [>]; and training to accept, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]; unproductiveness of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]; in U.S., [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]. See also Structural competition; Intentional competition; Education, competition in

  “Competitiveness” as buzzword, [>], [>]–[>]

  Concentration, economic, [>], [>]

  Conflict: cooperative vs. competitive, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; as distinct from competition, [>]–[>]

  Conformity, [>]–[>], [>]

  Congo pygmies, [>]

  Constructivism. See Education, behaviorism vs. constructivism and

  Contempt, [>]–[>]

  Conversation, competition in, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]n. [>]

  Cooperation: and accountability, [>]; age necessary for, [>]–[>]; vs. altruism, [>]; among animals, [>]–[>]; called “cheating,” [>]; as compatible with conflict, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; defined, [>]; effect of, on relationships, [>], [>]–[>], [>]; as integral to human life, [>]–[>], [>]; as less visible than competition, [>]; misunderstood as obedience, [>]–[>]; moving toward, [>]–[>], [>], [>]n. [>]; in other cultures, [>]–[>]; preference for, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; as productive, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; psychological impact of, [>]–[>]; structure of, changes attitudes, [>]–[>]; summary of advantages of, [>]; survival value of, [>]; as teachable, [>]–[>]; techniques in classroom, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; among young children, [>]. See also Cooperative learning

  Cooperative learning: [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; and acceptance of differences, [>], [>]; and achievement, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; as alternative to tracking, [>] n. ; assignment of roles for, [>]; assignment to groups in, [>]–[>]; behaviorist vs. constructivist versions of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; choice in, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; and classroom as community, [>]–[>]; and competition between groups, [>]n. ; and constructive conflict, [>], [>]; and cooperation among teachers, [>]n. ; with cooperation as topic for study, [>]; curriculum used in, [>]–[>], [>]; definition of, [>]–[>]; different models of, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; effects of, [>]–[>]; history of, [>]; individual accountability in, [>], [>]n. ; and interest in learning, [>]–[>]; intrinsic value of, [>]–[>]; misconceptions about, [>]–[>] ; motivation for engaging in, [>]–[>]; opposition to, [>]n. [>]; popularity of, [>]–[>]; prepackaged versions of, [>]; and relationships, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; resistance to, by teachers, [>]–[>]; and self esteem, [>]–[>], [>]; and social values, [>]; and teacher’s control of classroom, [>]–[>]; teaching social skills for, [>]–[>], [>]; training teachers to use, [>]–[>]; use of extrinsic motivators in, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; versus altruism, [>]

  Cooperative Learning magazine, [>]n.

  Cooperatives, [>], [>]

  Cornelius, Ruth, [>], [>]n. [>]

  Creativity, [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Crime, [>]n.

  Critical thinking, [>]

  Crutchfield, Will, [>], [>]

  Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, [>], [>], [>], [>]n. [>]

  Cuba, [>]n. [>]

  Culberton, John, [>]

  Darsee, John, [>]

  Darwin, Charles, [>], [>], [>], [>]

  Dawes, Robyn M., [>]n. [>], [>]n. [>]

  Debate, [>], [>], [>]

  Deci, Edward, [>]–[>]

  Deming, W. Edwards, [>]

  Depth psychology. See Psychoanalysis

  Derber, Charles, [>], [>], [>] n. [>]

  Desegregation, [>]–[>]

  Deutsch, Morton, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>] [>] n. [>], [>]n[>], [>]n. [>], [>]n. [>], [>]n. [>]

  Developmental Studies Center, [>]. See also Child Development Project

  DeVries, David, [>]

  Disclosure of self, [>]

  Division of labor, [>]

  Dollard, John, [>]n. [>]

  Doob, Leonard, [>], [>], [>]n. [>]

  Driving, [>]

  Drug abuse, [>]

  Dunn, Robert, [>]

  Economic competition, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; effect of, on quality, [>]; effect of, on safety, [>]–[>]; human costs of, [>], [>]n. [>]; as inefficient, [>]–[>]; as inequitable, [>], [>]–[>], [>]; as prototype for all competition, [>]; and women, [>], [>]

  Economic growth, desirability of, [>]

  Economic maldistribution in competitive societies, [>], [>], [>]–[>]

  Education: and achievement, [>]–[>]; behaviorism vs. constructivism and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; and boredom vs. interest in learning, [>]–[>]; choice and responsibility in, [>], [>]–[>]; and classroom as community, [>]–[>]; competition in, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]n. , [>], [>],
[>], [>]; and use of cooperative learning, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; curriculum and, [>]–[>], [>]; effects of cooperative vs. competitive approaches to, [>]–[>]; higher, [>]–[>], [>]n. ; individualism in, [>], [>]; and relationships, [>]; and self-esteem, [>]–[>]; measured by standardized tests, [>], [>], [>]; use of extrinsic motivators in, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; values in, [>]–[>]; use of whole-class instruction in, [>]–[>], [>]n. [>], [>]n. [>]. See also Grades

  Edwards, Harry, [>], [>]–[>], [>]n. [>]

  Eggerman, Richard W., [>]–[>]

  Eisenhower, Dwight, [>]

  Either/or thinking, [>]–[>]

  Ellis, M. J., [>], [>]n. [>], [>]n. [>]

  Empathy, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Engels, Frederick, [>]

  Envy, [>]–[>]

  Ethnocentrism, [>]

  Etzioni, Amitai, [>]

  Existentialist thought, [>], [>], [>], [>]. [>]n. [>]

  Extrinsic vs. intrinsic motivation, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Faber, Adele, [>]

  Failure: vs. losing, [>]–[>]; motivation to avoid, [>]–[>], [>]; as useful, [>]–[>]

  Family: competition in, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]

  Fashion, [>]

  Fear of success, [>]–[>]

  Festinger, Leon, [>], [>]n. [>]

  Films, lion., [>]

  “Flow” experience, [>], [>], [>]

  Ford, Gerald, [>]n. [>]

  Frank, Lawrence, [>], [>], [>]n. [>], [>]–[>]n. [>]

  Frankel, Marvin E., [>]–[>], [>], [>]

  Freedom, [>]n. , [>], [>]

  Freud, Anna, [>]–[>], [>]

  Freud, Sigmund, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]. See also Psychoanalysis

  Friedenberg, Edgar Z., [>]

  Friendship and competition, [>], [>]–[>]

  Fromm, Erich, [>]n. , [>]n. [>], [>]n. [>], [>]n. [>]

  Frustration and aggression, [>]

  Games, competitive: alleged benefits of, [>]–[>]; and arguments for competition’s inevitability, [>]; vs. economic competition, [>]; predominance in U.S., [>], [>]–[>]; training to enjoy, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]. See also Sports

  Games, cooperative and noncompetitive, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>